APPENDIX:

STATUTORY AND JUDICIAL EMANCIPATION OF MINORS

IN THE UNITED STATES


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WYOMING

TITLE 14. CHILDREN

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

ARTICLE 1. IN GENERAL

§ 14-1-101. Age of majority; rights on emancipation.

(a) Upon becoming eighteen (18) years of age, an individual reaches the age of majority and as an adult acquires all rights and responsibilities granted or imposed by statute or common law, except as otherwise provided by law.

(b) A minor may consent to health care treatment to the same extent as if he were an adult when:

(i) The minor is or was legally married;

(ii) The minor is in the active military service of the United States;

(iii) The parents or guardian of the minor cannot with reasonable diligence be located and the minor's need for health care treatment is sufficiently urgent to require immediate attention; or

(iv) The minor is living apart from his parents or guardian and is managing his own affairs regardless of his source of income; or

(v) The minor is emancipated under W.S. 14-1-201 through 14-1-206.

(c) The consent given pursuant to subsection (b) of this section is not subject to disaffirmance because of minority.

(d) Any competent adult may enter into a binding contract and shall be legally responsible therefor.

(e) A person who is at least eighteen (18) years of age may consent to donate and may donate blood.

TITLE 14. CHILDREN

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

ARTICLE 2. EMANCIPATION OF MINORS

§ 14-1-201. Definitions.

(a) As used in this article:

(i) "Emancipation" means conferral of certain rights of majority upon a minor as provided under this article and includes a minor who:

(A) Is or was married;

(B) Is in the military service of the United States; or

(C) Has received a declaration of emancipation pursuant to W.S. 14-1-203.

(ii) "Minor" means an individual under the age of majority defined by W.S. 14-1-101(a);

(iii) "Parent" means the legal guardian or custodian of the minor, his natural parent or if the minor has been legally adopted, the adoptive parent;

(iv) "This act" means W.S. 14-1-201 through 14-1-206.

§ 14-1-202. Application for emancipation decree; effect of decree.

(a) Upon written application of a minor under jurisdiction of the court and notwithstanding any other provision of law, a district court may enter a decree of emancipation in accordance with this act. In addition to W.S. 14-1-101(b), the decree shall only:

(i) Recognize the minor as an adult for purposes of:

(A) Entering into a binding contract;

(B) Suing and being sued;

(C) Buying or selling real property;

(D) Establishing a residence;

(E) The criminal laws of this state.

(ii) Terminate parental support and control of the child and their rights to his income;

(iii) Terminate parental tort liability for the minor.

§ 14-1-203. Application for emancipation decree; hearing; notice; rights and liabilities of emancipated minor; conditions for issuance of decree; filing of decree; copy to applicant.

(a) Upon written application of a minor subject to personal jurisdiction of the court, a district court may enter a decree of emancipation in accordance with this act. The application shall be verified and shall set forth with specificity all of the following facts:

(i) That he is at least seventeen (17) years of age;

(ii) That he willingly lives separate and apart from his parents;

(iii) That his parents consent to or acquiesce in the separate living arrangement;

(iv) That he is managing his own financial affairs; and

(v) That the source of his income is not derived from means declared unlawful under state or federal law or from assistance received under W.S. 42-2-104.

(b) The district court shall conduct a hearing on the minor's application for emancipation within sixty (60) days after the date of filing. Notice of the hearing shall be given to the minor and his parents by certified mail at least ten (10) days before the date set for hearing.

(c) At the hearing, the court shall advise the minor of the effect of emancipation pursuant to W.S. 14-1-202. These rights and liabilities shall be stated in the emancipation decree.

(d) The court may enter a decree of emancipation if the minor is at least seventeen (17) years of age and the court finds emancipation is in the best interests of the minor. In making a determination, the court shall consider if the:

(i) Minor's parents consent to the proposed emancipation;

(ii) Minor is living or is willing to live apart from his parents and is substantially able to provide self-maintenance and support without parental guidance and supervision;

(iii) Minor demonstrates he is sufficiently mature and knowledgeable to manage his personal affairs without parental assistance; and

(iv) Source of the minor's income is not derived from means declared unlawful under state or federal law.

(e) Upon entry of a decree of emancipation, the court shall file the decree with the county clerk of the county in which the child resides. A copy of the decree shall be issued to the minor.

(f) A declaration of emancipation shall be conclusive evidence that the minor is emancipated, but emancipation may also be proved by other evidence like any other fact.

§ 14-1-204. Third party application; procedure.

(a) Any interested third party having dealings with an apparently emancipated minor may apply to the district court where that minor is domiciled or may be found for a declaration of emancipation.

(b) The application under this section shall be made in conformity with W.S. 14-1-203(a).

(c) Proceedings under this section shall be conducted in conformity with the requirements of W.S. 14-1-203.

§ 14-1-205. Application to department of transportation for emancipated status on driver's license; fee.

(a) Upon application of an emancipated minor, the department of transportation shall indicate the minor's emancipated status on his Wyoming driver's license or if without a driver's license, on the minor's Wyoming identification card issued under W.S. 31-8-101.

(b) An applicant under this section shall pay two dollars ($2.00) to the division. The state treasurer shall deposit the fees in the manner prescribed by law for driver's license and identification card fees.

§ 14-1-206. Emancipated minor subject to adult criminal jurisdiction.

An emancipated minor is subject to jurisdiction of adult courts for all criminal offenses.

Under Division 3, Title 31, Chapter 577, Section 25 (Haw. Rev. Stat. § 577-25 (2001)), a minor becomes emancipated as a result of marriage. Because this statute does not form a procedural basis upon which a minor may become emancipated (and thus, fell outside the scope of this analysis), and because Hawaii has no case law discussing emancipation of minors which would lead to conclusions concerning the courts' analysis on it, this statute is included in the appendix.

In Iowa, Title VI, Subtitle 6, Chapter 252, Section 16 (Iowa Code § 252.16 (2002)) states, “An emancipated minor is one who is absent from the minor's parents with the consent of the parents, is self-supporting, and has assumed a new relationship inconsistent with being a part of the family of the parents.” However, this statute is limited to state support of poor individuals. Iowa does not have statutes by which a minor could become judicially emancipated.

Under Title 1, Chapter 21-B:2 (N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 21-B:2), New Hampshire will recognize the legally emancipated status of a minor judicially effectuated in another state.

Emancipation as a status is recognized under N.J. Stat. Ann. § 55:14L-2 (2001), but is there limited to individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are currently homeless, or at risk of homelessness, for the purposes of services relating to HIV status under Title 55, “Tenement Houses and Public Housing,” Chapter 14l, “Scattered Site Aids Permanent Housing Program,” (N.J. Stat. Ann. § 55:14L-1 - § 55:14L-5 (2001)).

Limited to contracts and conducting business in the state.